Ceremony Essays (551 words) - English Culture, English Language

Ceremony The ceremonies allowed Tayo to see that he was not alone and though he did go to war and began to mix with the white culture he did not abandon his people. Because it is the people that you love that you can never abandon because they will always be there for you no matter what. The book I decided to research was the Professor and the Madman by Simon Winchester is a story about a man with much greater knowledge and wisdom than the average human being, but is so mentally devastated by a particular event in his WWII deployment, that he begins to fall out of place. William Chester Minor has a PhD and is a very American-like hero being in the War and serving his country. Doing a good deed is well in his nature as if he was made to do it, but he is broken down piece by piece. Minor had to brand one of his own soldiers for fleeing the battle field, and ever since that very day, Dr. Minor would never be the same man he once was. He lost all hope in himself. He began to feel like the world was out to get him, along with the Irishman that probably wanted to kill him. Minor had terrifying night terrors along with very intense paranoia. Not knowing if this man would ever be back to normal, the world gave him one more chance. He was able to contribute a huge amount of intelligence to the OED (Oxford English Dictionary). The woes began shortly after his departure from the battle field, and into the real world, where he would find out that he couldnt get away with murder, literally. Dr. Minor was a very bright man with a well centered head on his shoulders. Maybe that was all too good to be true after he murdered a man in the midst of night. People began to talk, but nobody really knew for sure. Why did Dr. minor shoot a man he had no relation to or sympathy for? What could drive a man that far to go out of his way to put himself in prison for the rest of his days on this planet? Baffling in all aspects, the doctors treating Dr. Minor were drawn to the conclusion that he was PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder). When they began to analyze and speculate why Minor killed the innocent man, talking to Minor would be the easiest thing. He was like an open book, any question they asked, he had a very thorough answer to it. Minor began to talk about his time in the War, and thats when he himself realized what he had done, and exactly why he did it in the first place. Minor was having recollection of the Irishman who he branded, and he was so traumatized with that part icular event, that it drove him so insanely mad, he took an innocent mans life because of his fright. The years he would not get back, stuck inside an insane asylum, he would have plenty of time on his hands to think over what he had done, though he didnt feel much emotion at all. When minor got a phone call from the publishers of the OED, he was baffled.

Relationship Between Tour Operators And Their Suppliers Tourism Essay Example

Relationship Between Tour Operators And Their Suppliers Tourism Essay Example Relationship Between Tour Operators And Their Suppliers Tourism Essay Relationship Between Tour Operators And Their Suppliers Tourism Essay In this study I would compose about The relationship between the circuit operators and their providers . I would give some description of Accommodation, Transport, Ground animal trainers, jaunts and activities, Food and trades. This is related to the subject so I will seek depicting them every bit good as possible. I will besides compose about Tourism and supply concatenation direction, conveyance to and from finishs and besides decision. Hopefully would be apprehensible for other who are interesting in this topic. Body: The power of the circuit operator for their Sellerss has been the focal point of great argument in the concern in latest old ages. Sightsee operatives besides known as circuit operators difference that the marketer is a self-acting service supplier in excess of whom they do non use regulation. Sometimes, but, it is non easy to make up ones mind that the marketer is a self-acting service supplier or the circuit operator s agent. The significance of the division is in the dissimilar costs that run from the changed interactions. A Tour operators have normally offered an article in their brochure stand foring: A They do non use consecutive regulation above the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours organisation of accommodation, air hoses, railroads and other supernumeraries sing to your holiday. They so are powerless to hold to duty for some work or lapse ground by persons concerned in your holiday activities over which they do non use consecutive regulation . Though the difference is determined by deliberation of all the conditions and non merely by suggestion to the phrasing of the understanding associating them. Exist three cardinal motivations for the significance of the difference associating a director and a self-sufficing service supplier: A Explicit duty: the sightsee operator is vicariously responsible for the work or faux pass of representative but non persons of self-sufficing service suppliers ( except in the EU where the Package Travel Directive applies ) .The duty to offer security: the circuit operator has a duty to obtain reasonable concern for the single protection of workers ( e.g. representatives ) except for the Sellerss. Legal responsibility: regulations that inflict expressed duty on a manner typically detain to duty to the work of employees and agents and do non usually inflict duty for the work of self-sufficing service suppliers. hypertext transfer protocol: //wftga.org/news/consumer-rights-tourists-international-level-and-role-tourist-guides-john-j-downes ( 13/03/12 ) A The contribute sequence consist of the Sellerss of all the supplies and forces which go lament on the release of touristry goods to clients. It consist of all Sellerss of supplies and services which may non be straight agreed by sightsee secret agents or by their representatives ( including land animal trainers ) or Sellerss ( includingA adjustment suppliers ) . Tourism contribute ironss engage tonss of work non merely lodging, A A transit and touring, but besides clubbing and cafes, handcraft, food markets production, rubbish clearance, and the transit that supplies touristry in places.A A Delivery chains work via trade-to-trade dealingss, and support concatenation organisation distribute sustainability presentation development next to economic act, by operational to develop the industry process of all Sellerss in the bringing string.A Sightsee operatives cover immense power over actions all over the touristry bringing concatenation, as they point and power the size of touristry, th e tourer marks and comfortss which are second-hand. Sightsee operatives may use that to help in advertisement universal development in sustainability act as component of excellent industrial preparation. Within readying activities for sustainable bringing ironss, sightsee secret agents and The Travel Foundation have to memorize that exist theoretical accounts of excellent developing all over the consecutive bringing concatenation of sightsee secret agents plus in a choice of travel marks but these are merely applied by a few concerns and tonss of others may analyze from them. This will be easiest to use sustainability demands in lodging and really hard in transporting, chiefly discernible in circuit and public presentation as most helpful to the neighboring market asA this supplies food markets and ability industry. Target sustainability attempts will necessitate bigger stockholder organisation and if merely for this motivation will be excess period concentrated to use. A safe gros s flow, by steady understandings and projected understanding fortunes plus value is top, together to ease the indispensable nest eggs by the Sellerss, and to do stronger the assurance in the association. Scheme requires period of clip for concerns to do understanding and expand dealingss, and sightsee secret agents tend to necessitate a stable and of import measure of actions with a marketer or mark if they are to make an of import contribution and delay for transforming in restricted processs. Three fortunes in the sightsee operative-and marketer association are chiefly important for the achieve triumph of bringing twine program: long-time organisation, sensible value and a dependable sum of procedure. Exultant bringing twine dealingss among concerns and their Sellerss are developed and applied harmonizing to a clear figure of stairss: To set up a sustainable supply concatenation policy and direction system. To back up providers in making Sustainability Goals, including raising consciousness on sustainability issues amongst providers and showing why sustainability public presentation is of import To incorporate sustainability standards into providers contracts and preferentially understanding providers that meet those standards. Trade advantages from assume all right preparations for touristry bringing threading organisation consist of saving of clients, as around they raising presume in charge public presentation still from persons non prepared to pay for this ; raised income ; deal disbursals and better working effectivity, outstanding spirited to see and respond to danger and opportunity in the stock promote ; A · organisation of jeopardy and maintain on in forepart of governmental petitions ; better work force act, success of improved employment and workforceA A care, when happy work force are an of import advantage ; defense mechanism of the centre resources of the trade ( environment and civilization ) ; and improved merchandise worth, position and market place, supporting image and place, particularly for concerns openly quoted on shop sell. They advise to the TF offer precedence to attempt in the lodging sub country, particularly in comparative to middle-sized edifices, and in place food markets industry and support, and that the precedency parts for development in every of these bombers parts are: Room, ecological act, service fortunes for work force and judicial admission of counsel on sustainability topics ; service chances for local countries population ; ecological transit in the finish, peculiarly for organisation of difficult and unstable harsh environment ; linkages with the place market peculiarly for food markets support, handcrafts and equipment ; advertisement of publically and environmentally sustainable touristry packages and Sellerss Local nutrient A ; trade manufacturers A ; providers: Sustainable industry manner contains doing development and counsel ; Class, consistence and supply ; and reach to sells. On the beginning of present bringing twine presentation and actions, developments are needed as a right of manner in these touristry sub-sectors in all development states where touristry takes topographic point. In add-on, developments which might be related to transit, land trainer, tours A ; actions and nines A ; eating topographic points sub-parts, are drawled. As good they advise the undermentioned advantages for act by the TF that will assist in advertisement bringing twine developments: Support TF sightsee operative associates to increase excess precise and methodicalA dataA on their actions which supply to better sustainability at the scope of purposes in their bringing strings, peculiarly for garnering touristry. Support larger blessing and public presentation by TF members of active theoretical accounts of excellent preparation in the bringing twine, with back-up of their Sellerss via watchfulness increasing, counsel and technological support, and apply of precise understanding clause as suited, to use all right exercising equipment and rules for their zone, on socio-financial and ecological characteristic. Support TF sightsee operative associates to roll up informations sing sustainability affairs at the aims peculiarly group touristry marks which they go perchance by establishing a regular docket of informations assembly and reevaluate gap with twosome of marks chiefly. Persuade TF associates to better substructure with finish stockholders on chief sustainabi lity subject and to spread out concern with finish stockholders to construct up and understand development to come on sustainability program. Persuade TF associates to presume and spread out client learning so that their clients are watchful of of import communal, fiscal and ecological subjects at marks, and of behaviors that they may obtain to develop sustainability during on holiday ; and to use selling to promote in client-welcoming lingua Sellerss and holidaies that are excess sustainable. This statement reconsiders instance of active touristry bringing twine program from figure points of the universe and at figure of topographic points in the bringing twine. A bringing twine comprises the Sellerss of all the supplies and services which go into the transportation of touristry goods to clients. It comprise all Sellerss of supplies and services whether or non they are consecutive agreed by sightsee secret agents or by their representatives. Plus land trainers or Sellerss and lodging provider. This must every bit good be mentioned to a few touristry supplies and services are given consecutive to visitants and are purcha sing by clients plus it must non be onwards that sightsee secret agents may pull strings their clients in this part every bit good. The strategy overviewed in this statement pays attending on developed net income to the finish topographic points, clients and the touristry trade. These strategies are determined of four major purposes in the touristry bringing twine: Adjustment Conveyance Land animal trainers, jaunts and activities Food and trades Besides contain a scope of many actions from turning the size of place supplies and services old in the touristry country. To run on ecological and socio-educational subjects, for illustration waste organisation preparations, service readying and combat forbidden figures of touristry. Tonss of these thoughts were put into preparation by individual or twosome of touristry industry, on occasion running in partnership among many topographic points in the bringing twine. Tour operators have besides integrated several thoughts purposed to keep further sustainable touristry which are being assumed at finish rank. Tourism and supply concatenation direction: The consequence of a sightsee operative appear from the effects of every workings of the goods they retail, every bit good as usage of unprocessed resources and their giving out and industry, every bit good as consequence from move and supply. Admiting the sustainability of every touristry ware follows vanishing to the unprocessed resources from which are made, via Sellerss, Sellerss Sellerss, and etc, traveling back to beginning, including guarantying a concern assemble sustainability status in its single inner function.A A Tourism, as any old bringing strings, work through trade-to-trade dealingss, and bringing twine organisation may be practical to administer sustainability presentation development next to economic act, by working to develop the merchandising procedure of all Sellerss in the bringing twine. One major fluctuation among touristry bringing twine and persons of more countries, like that visitants journey to the ware, and the ware that they purchase has a largely high service element in other linguistic communication, this engage a upper sum of persons in the instant industry of the holiday pattern. Very good instance of bringing threading organisation from a different country is the DIY marketer, B A ; Q, that has urbanized and applied a chief bringing threading organisation docket, primary dressed ore on ecological effects, and presently suit in public effects on top, for all its 40,000 goods. in bend to see its in general sustainability as a marketer, B A ; Q analysis the sustainability of its goods traveling back to the unprocessed resources from which they were formed, via Sellerss, Sellerss Sellerss, and etc. , traveling back to footing, besides as vouching that B A ; Q gather sustainability norm in its single inner procedure. Used for B A ; Q, the rules of ware plus service and operational environment are a cardinal component of category and sustainability. Contribute concatenation organisation in all zones, every bit good as tour istry, wrap all pieces of a ware life rhythm : unrefined resources, processing, bring forthing, supply, merchandising, client apply and last dumping.A A In general, the sustainability of a touristry ware, consequence on subjects plus the ambiance and operational environment in top targeted provinces ; security, plus security of clients and employees in distribute all characteristics of a touristry goods ; and militias use and remotion, every bit good as good direction, recycle and recover of rubbish supplies, and steps to raise the effectivity of supplies apply. Tourism bringing strings engage tonss of plants non merely lodging, transportation and Tourss, but besides inns and cafes, handicraft, food markets industry, waste dumping, and the transit that ropes touristry in marks. All those type a fraction of the holiday ware which is usual by visitants while they buy holidaies whether or non the Sellerss of those plants are straight agreed by a sightsee secret agent. Merely like no sightsee operative will offer first category transportation to acquire clients to a 5th category holiday public house, the sustainability of a holiday, like category, its up to presentation on all the associates in the touristry bringing twine. An extra characteristic of the touristry bringing twine is the public presentation of clients during on holiday, largely in relation to public presentation and what they footing for themselves in tourer mark. Sightsee operative are publicizing the full holiday apprehension to clients, and is consist of opportunities to pattern a marks place ware and activities. Sightsee operatives may collaborate a major undertaking in if suited suggestion to their clients sing place wares and activities, and in warrant that place maker and installation provider include manner in to travelers on a inexpensive monetary value. Lots of sightsee secret agents by now supply more informations on these characteristics, but there is scope to make supernumeraries. A Transport to A ; from finishs Sightsee working contain selling, purchase, trades betterment, publicity and trade, and bargains. Land processA A contain land transportation and Tourss. A few of the plants of touristry merchandisesaˆÂ ¦ sightsee secret agents treaty Sellerss to offer a few of these plants straight: others are attain by Sellerss and their Sellerss. The full Sellerss offering subdivision supplies and services which go under the dispatching of touristry ware are component of the bringing twine for that good. A hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thetravelfoundation.org.uk/images/media/5._Tourism_supply_chains.pdf ( 16/03/12 ) A A Decision: Finally I would wish to state that current relationship between circuit operators and their providers is strong as this study states and findings I have put down. It besides really interesting to me because some of the facts I did non cognize before. Particularly the Accommodation, Transport, Ground animal trainers, jaunts and activities, Food and trades and Tourism and supply concatenation direction. These sectors of the study explains how strong the relation ships are between the circuit operators and their providers.

Green buildings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Green buildings - Essay Example For example, the solar panels installed in green buildings are very energy efficient because their source of energy never depletes. Quality of water and air in the green buildings is better than what it is in the non-green buildings. Levels of air pollutants indoor are generally much higher than their levels outdoor. Many of these pollutants, like the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) originate in the materials that are used in the construction of buildings, yet there are other pollutants like the smoke that is generated by humans. Likewise, Asbestos is a material that is used for insulation purposes. It is made up of extremely minuscule fibers that are light enough to float in the air and are taken to the lungs with breath where they can cause serious damage to the lungs. Till 1980s, Asbestos was widely used as a construction material. However, as people began to gain awareness of its potential threats to health, they abandoned its use in construction. Green building makes sure that no such materials are used so that the environment both inside and outside the building becomes conducive for better health. Green buildings reduce waste. They mostly make reuse of materials or use renewable materials including sustainable lumber and plant matter. Recycled metal and stone are some of the primary building blocks of green buildings. Some green buildings even reuse byproducts of industries such as foundry sand, combustion materials as well as debris. One potential outcome of green buildings is that they inculcate motivation in the occupants to save resources and not waste things. Green buildings have a proper mechanism of disposal of waste. In addition to that, â€Å"green building furthers the... Since the onset of urge in people to make the buildings greener, architects have been adding numerous piecemeal elements for saving water and reducing the use of electricity in buildings. The structure of green buildings is not much different from the traditional buildings. They do not have to be designed in such a way that would make them look different from the conventional structures. In fact, green buildings have to be very much like the ordinary structures. It is only the addition of certain elements and avoidance of others that lends the â€Å"green† tag to a building. Such elements include installation of a solar panel for capturing sunlight, storing and converting it into the mechanical power. It is more of the occupants’ style of living that makes a building greener than installation or removal of elements. Occupants of a green building are very prudent in their use of things. They tend not to waste water, gas, or electricity. A building can not be expected to be green if the occupants living in it adopt such practices that are not consistent with the requirements of sustainable living. Nevertheless, there are certain factors that need to be taken into consideration while designing a green building. For example, there is sufficient water and heat proofing in the green buildings. In these structures, the roofs are covered with thick layer of soil to maintain a low temperature in the building and save it from the effect of hot weather. This obviates the need to install expensive and environment unfriendly HVAC equipment.

Quantitative Research Analysis Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative Analysis - Research Paper Example The course indicated is on teaching English to speakers of other languages (ESOL) where 29 participants from the online course and 31 students from the classroom setting were included in the research. The findings revealed that â€Å"students in the Web-based section of the course learned slightly but not significantly more than students in the classroom-based section of the course† (Thirunarayanan & Perez-Prado, 2002, 136). The authors aimed to determine the academic performance or achievement of students between the online course and the classroom setting course. The dependent variable therefore is the measure of achievement of students which is determined through tests (pretests and posttests) and the scores recorded were used to calculate statistical patterns (means, averages, t-test, among others). The independent variables are the kinds of courses offering the ESOL: offline and online groups with different sample sizes. Of course other factors that were taken into consideration were the age of the students (ranging from 21 to 47 years) and the gender (classroom setting: 30 female and 1 male student; online setting: 25 female and 4 male students). The impetus for the development of the study was the need to determine the effectiveness of teaching ESOL as â€Å"one of the final courses required of preservice teachers in their Elementary Education Program with ESOL endorsement† (Thirunarayanan & Perez-Prado, 2002, 132). Both course settings had been applied in both classroom setting and online formats. With the proliferation of distance-learning courses offered through the World Wide Web, there is a need to validate previous research studies which indicate that â€Å"there is no significant difference in the achievement of students enrolled in distance education courses when compared with the achievement of students enrolled in traditional or classroom based courses† (Thirunarayanan & Perez-Prado, 2002, 131). However, the current study did not indicate a

International Negotiations (Lansa and Newco Case) Essay

International Negotiations (Lansa and Newco Case) - Essay Example The government partially regulates Lansa (Brett 33). The Argentine Ministro de Industria Tecnologica serves on the Board of Directors. Lansa’s headquarters is in the outskirts of Buenos Aires; however, all the manufacturing and distribution comes out of Mexico. Newco’s CEO, Mr. Abercrombie, has the mandate to expand into South America with a new product line called â€Å"infomatrix†. Infomatrix is a remarkable telemetry unit that facilitates voice and data communication between all types of vehicles such as automobiles, boats, helicopters. Since Newco had previously approached Lansa at an international Telecommunication convention in London, Newco’s CEO decides to try again. On the other hand, Lansa is doing well. The CEO, Mr. Lopez, has also heard about infomatrix. He decides to approach Newco having seen that a joint venture can further boost the success of his company (Rubin 14). Objectives Newco’s objective aims at raising the value of the stock . Their main concern is to get a written document that would permit public disclosure. Lansa’s concern is dealing with an American company. It believes it has something to offer and its willingness to carry what it can understanding (Rubin 45). Lansa would also like to have a document in writing that would permit public disclosure. Mr. Arricoitxea thinks of securing an office in the upcoming elections and the company’s success would be a significant boost during his campaign. Both Newco and Lansa are aiming at taking advantage of NAFTA. Considerations Mr. Abercrombie sends a five man advanced team to Mexico upon request from Mr. Lopez. The negotiation advanced team comprises a representative of the corporate managers who is the lead negotiator, a corporate lawyer, a market analyst, a telecommunication engineer and a representative of the corporate shareholders. The representative of corporate managers brings in and supports the ideas and proposals of the corporate mana gers. By representing the interests of the corporate managers, he is in the best position to lead the negotiating team (Rubin 56). The corporate lawyer will ensure that all the transactions made are legally binding within the law. His knowledge in corporate law will be a key factor to be used during the negotiations. The market analyst can assess the viability of the market for the product. He analyzes the market price and other economic aspects that will help determine if the product will succeed in the proposed market. He will be able to convince the Lansa Company that the product will succeed in their market (Thomson 77). The telecommunication engineer becomes equipped to give any details with regards to the infomatrix. His knowledge of the product will be extremely useful in negotiating for the importance of infomatrix in the market. The representative of the shareholders will be able to back the other negotiators in his team during negotiations since he is representing the inte rests of the corporate shareholders. The main players in the international negotiations are Newco and Lansa. Newco has a new product, â€Å"infomatrix† that could enable them to expand to the South American market and hence further increase its profitability in the future. Lansa believes that a joint venture with Newco could further boost its success in

The Coevolution of Human Immunity and Helminthic Parasites

The Coevolution of Human Immunity and Helminthic Parasites Most multicellular organisms, both vertebrate and invertebrate, have an evolutionary history of infestation by extracellular parasitic worms known as helminths. The immune systems of these species have adapted to the stress of helminth infection, or helmnithiasis, through the development of mechanisms to modulate worm load in chronically infested individuals. Most marsupials and mammals, including humans, use a particular immune response mediated by IgE antibodies molecules that identify and neutralize foreign objects to defend against helminths (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). In parts of the world where helminthiasis is still prevalent, there is a selective advantage for genes that increase production of IgE antibodies. However, the adaptation to the stress of chronic worm infestation accounts for the maladaptive response to innocuous substance allergy upon removal of the stress. The presence of parasites triggers the production of molecules known as interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokines that damped the inflammation response. However, in the absence of parasites, IgE antibodies target harmless proteins and the lack of IL-10 production results in a potentially dangerous inflammatory response. In addition to the removal of the early evolutionary stress of helminths, many technology and infrastructure changes in developed countries have increased human exposure to allergens, thus increasing hypersensitivity to seemingly innocuous substances.   Many species, including humans, evolved under the stress of helminth infestation. As early hominids expanded their ecological niche and encountered new foods, they became hosts for an increased number of helminth species, which would have, in turn, evolved with the hominids. Today, humans act as hosts for more than 25 species of helminths (Warren et al 1990). The shift from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture increased sedentism and disease, including parasitic infection. Such disease was spread through contact with animals, other humans, and their wastes. The development of agricultural methods such as irrigation and the use fertilizer would have increased the exposure of early humans to soil-transmitted helminths (Cockburn 1971). For contemporary humans, parasitic and infectious diseases are controlled in some areas of the world, while chronic, noninfectious, degenerative diseases are on the rise. Although new technology has allowed some human populations to benefit from the control of infectious disease, many individuals throughout the world are still affected by infection and parasites. Globally, more than two billion people are chronically infected with soil-transmitted helminths such as schistosomes and hookworms (Florh et al. 2008). These numbers indicate there is still selection for protective mechanisms against helminthiasis in a large proportion of the contemporary human population. Given the prolonged mammalian history with parasites, the immune system has evolved protective mechanisms to safeguard the heath of a host in the event of a parasitic infection. When a helminth enters a host, antigens from the parasite diffuse across the hosts internal membranes. Two types of white blood cells, B cells and T cells, recognize antigens in the blood stream. B cells are released into the blood and carried to capillary beds serving the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system a system of vessels and organs that helps balance the fluid content of blood and the surrounding tissues while participating in the bodys defense against invading disease organisms (Russel et al. 2008). T cells are released into the blood and carried to the thymus, an organ of the lymphatic system. The adaptive immune responses are regulated by two mechanisms: antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity. During antibody-mediated immunity, derivatives of B cells known as plasma cells secrete antibodies that circulate throughout the blood and lymphatic fluid, recognizing, binding, and removing antigens. Each plasma cell is specific for at least one particular antigen, but some are capable of recognizing any antigen, even if it has never before been encountered. Plasma cells are capable of secreting are five major classes of antibodies. These antibodies are, in order of decreasing concentration, IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE (Barnes et al. 1999). Each type of antibody has a specific function in the immune system and IgE is most relevant in combating infection by parasitic worms and mediating many allergic responses such as hay fever, asthma, and hives (Russell et al 2008). Cell-mediated immunity serves as the primary mechanism for killing parasite larvae. During cell-media ted immunity, a subset of T cells becomes activated and, with other cells of the immune system, attacks and kills foreign cells directly. These two mechanisms interact to defend the host against extracellular parasites. Parasitic antigens are first detected by plasma cells in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, triggering the production of two types of IgE antibodies: those that are specific for a particular parasite and those that are nonspecific (Grant et al 2008). These antibodies bind to mast cells. Mast cells are a particular type of cell found within many body tissues that contain granules of molecules such as histamine. The mast cells are activated to degranulate when the antigen binds to the attached IgE antibody, causing the internal histamine to be released. The release of histamine causes various physiological changes associated with inflammation (Flohr et al. 2008). The cascade of reactions functions to damage and expel the parasite (Barnes et al. 1999). Inflammation is complex biological process that occurs in vascular tissues as a response to pathogens (such as helminths), damaged cells, or irritants. In an inflammatory response, an individual may experience bronchial constriction, vascular dilation, and an increase in mucous secretions, which lead to the associated symptoms of wheezing, coughing, itching, sneezing, and vomiting. During anaphylaxis, a severe form of inflammation, there is an intense generation of mast cells and release of their mediators. Such a response has effects on various organs and may be fatal. Examples of anaphylaxis-inducing antigens include antibiotics, foods, and foreign proteins, such as venom. Thus the inflammatory response to the presence of a particular antigen may in an of itself harmful to the organism (Florh et al. 2008) Once an immune reaction has run its course and the invading parasites have been eliminated, long-lived T helper cells, derived from the encounter with the antigen remain in an inactive state in the lymphatic system and provide an immunological memory of the foreign antigen (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). When a foreign antigen enters the body for a subsequent time, a secondary immune response is triggered. The helper T cells recognize the antigen and secrete small proteins known as cytokines that regulate or assist in an immune response. Helper T cells can be divided into TH1 and TH2 subsets that fulfill separate functions in regulating response to infection. TH1 cells produce the response to intracellular infections while TH2 cells produce responses to extracellular infections and allergens. During helminth infections, the number of TH2 cells is greater than the number of TH1 cells. When TH2 cells detect previously recognized parasitic antigens, they secrete a particular cytokine, or known interleukin-4 (IL-4) (Barnes et al 1999). IL-4 promotes parasite-specific IgE antibody, helper T cell, and mast cell production. The adaptation of the IgE antibody immune response is beneficial during helminth infection. High levels of IgE minimize the number of parasites that infest a host during chronic exposure (Dunne et al. 1992). Individuals infected with helminths may have IgE antibody levels that are up to 100 times greater than the normal level, which typically decrease after anti-helminth treatment (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). Additionally, the type of IgE antibody produced may change throughout a humans life to better target a particular parasite. Studies have shown that humans acquire a natural immunity to schistosome infection in adolescence (Grant et al 2008). This natural immunity corresponds to increased levels of IgE from schistosome-specific antigens and decreased production of non-specific IgE. For young children, the greater nonspecific component in IgE production occurs at the expense of schistosome-specific IgE, resulting in a less protective antibody-mediated immune response when compared to adolescents and adults. To establish long-term immunity and because contacts between vector an agent that transmits an infectious disease and host may be infrequent, it is important for the both the host and parasite to maintain chronic infections. Most human parasitic infections last for years and must therefore not overwhelm the host. Parasites produce self-limiting infections that allow the host to defend against lethal infection while maintaining a viable population. One strategy is through concomitant immunity, a response seen in adult schistosomes, where an immune response is induced to limit, but not eliminate, subsequent infections of the host by infective larvae, without causing the rejection of the adult worms (Sher Ottensen 1988). Schistosomes and hookworms also trigger the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in parasite-induced T cells. IL-10 protects the host from extreme mast cell degranulation and the initiation of intense inflammation (Florh et al. 2008). T he level of IL-10 decreases after anti-helminth treatments once the parasite is no longer present to induce production. In summary, the immune system of most mammalian and marsupial hosts is highly adapted to battle parasitic disease. The generation of parasite-specific IgE antibodies by plasma cells initiates an inflammatory response and killer cell activity. During subsequent encounters with an antigen, the synthesis of IgE is controlled by TH2 cells and up-regulated by the cytokine IL-4. The inflammatory response is, however modulated by the release of anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines, in order to protect the host from the dangerous effects of intense mast cell degranulation. Through these mechanisms, the more successful human host will produce higher levels of parasite-specific IgE antibodies with which to prevent overwhelming worm infestation. Hosts less proficient at producing sufficiently high levels of parasite-specific IgE antibodies are more likely to succumb to greater worm loads. Allergy is hypersensitivity to a typically innocuous substance. Allergy begins after sensitization of a specific allergen, an antigen that elicits an allergic response. Similar to a helminthic infestation, plasma cells generate IgE antibodies during sensitization that are specific to the allergens to which an individual has been exposed. These IgE antibodies bind to receptors on mast cells. The binding of the allergen to an IgE antibody triggers a cascade of events resembling the immune response to helmthiasis (Zanders et al. 1992). The mast cells degranulate to release mediators, including histamine. Unlike in helminthiasis, in which IgE antibodies are directed at the worm and its by-produces, the allergic response is directed at seemingly innocuous substances. Also, the allergens are not capable of initiating the parasite-induced production of IL-10 that protects the host from the potentially harmful effects of the inflammatory response (Flohr et al. 2008). Thus, humans have adapte d to respond to the outside world in the presence of helminths and in their absence we are unable to modulate the maladaptive inflammatory response that may result in annoying or dangerous symptoms. In industrialized countries, the prevalence of allergies and conditions such as asthma have increased over the last three or four decades (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). These countries have better-developed infrastructures that have resulted in the elimination of helminths and an increase in noninfectious disease. Similarly, allergic disease prevalence is increasing in industrializing countries such as India and China (Flohr et al. 2008). Besides the removal of helminths, a significant consequence of modernization is the creation of a microenvironment that increases our exposure to domestic arthropods, such as dust mites, and other pests. Research has shown that there is a positive correlation between level of infestation of household pests and the degree of urbanization (Barnes et al. 1999). Evidence suggests that allergic reactions are less pronounced in individuals infected with helminths. Thus, areas where helminthic infection is endemic typically have lower levels of allergic disease when compared with areas free of helminths (Grant et al. 2008). Studies have consistently found that most helminths investigated imbue their hosts with protective effects during skin prick tests (SPT) tests used to diagnose allergies by eliciting a small, controlled allergic response. However, while all helminths increase the level of IgE antibody produced by a host, infection by schistosomes and hookworms parasites found to trigger the production of IL-10 have the strongest association with protection against allergy and asthma (Flohr et al. 2008). Individuals are more likely to develop asthma during the absence of helminthiasis, or during mild helminthiasis a time during which less parasite-specific IgE antibody is produced than during a chronic infection, and less IL-10 is produce d to reduce inflammation (Lynch 1992). Therefore, helminthiasis and allergy are not likely mutually exclusive, but allergy is much less likely to occur in severe helminthic disease than in mild helminthic disease (Barnes et al. 1999). The removal of helminths from infected populations in Venezuela, Vietnam, and Gabon has shown a resultant increase in allergic skin sensitization during SPT (Florh et al. 2008). Marsh et al. (1980) found that non-European descendents living in developed countries have a higher propensity for allergic response. These results are expected because those individuals likely had a greater genetic propensity to produce IgE, resulting in an increased inflammation response, a decrease in IL-10 production to modulate inflammation, and an increased exposure to inhalant allergens. There is a selective advantage for a predisposition to produce high levels of IgE, as this antibodies serves as a key regulator in the maintenance of helminthic infection in populations that are chronically exposed to parasites. Additionally, it has been found that certain levels of allergens affect people with family histories of allergy, but do not trigger an allergic response in most other people (Sporik et al. 1990). These finding imply that allergy and asthma reactions occur only in genetically susceptible individuals after adequate or persistent exposure to specific allergens. While the total level of serum IgE does not appear to directly reflect natural immunity against asthma in helminth infection-endemic populations, linkage studies have implicated a particular chromosome locus, or region, in controlling asthma and intensity of schistosomiasis in Brazilian and Senegalese populations. Because this same locus is identified with both helminthic infection and for allergy suscept ibility in a number of independent studies, there may be a common genetic basis for host protection against helminthic infection and susceptibility allergic disease (Grant et al. 2008). Through modernization, populations acquire objects that promote allergens such as upholstered furniture, carpeting and domestic pets. The introduction of such objects has been correlated to a rapidly increase the prevalence of asthma in populations with either high or low helminthiasis prevalence. An example in a study by Dowse et al. (1985) showed that asthma incidence increased over ten years within Eastern Highland villages of Papua New Guinea that was attributed to the introduction of wool blankets to the villagers and the sudden and profound exposure to house dust mites within the blankets. Barnes et al. (1997) found that house dust mite allergen concentrations in Barbados were higher in better-built homes, likely because the plumbing contributed to a higher humidity levels that were more conducive to dust mite proliferation than the drier wood homes. During the process of modernization, in addition to the acquisition of homes and objects that increase allergen exposure, the red uction or elimination of helminthiasis, increases the risk of allergic disease more dramatically. Adaptation often results in trade-offs that may compromise an individuals adjustment to his or her environment. The coevolution of helminths and humans shaped the immune response to be highly sensitive to parasitic antigens. This response, which is beneficial to host and parasites, is modulated by many mechanisms. TH2 activation stimulates the production of IL-4 cytokines that trigger production of IgE antibodies. IgE mediate an immune response targeted the antigens released by parasites as well as allergens. Parasites presence triggers anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines production by specialized T cells that reduce the inflammatory effects of mast cell degranulation. Removal of the stress helminthiasis also removes the modulation of the inflammatory response through IL-10. Under these conditions, the maladapted response of IgE antibodies reacting to harmless allergens is allergy in the form of disproportioned, potentially dangerous inflammation event. Although levels of IgE are highe st during a parasitic infection or an allergic response, levels are also affected by genetic predisposition. Selective pressures maintain high levels of IgE expression in regions of the world with high helminthiasis prevalence. Through modernization, the stress of helminthiasis has been removed while the stress of allergen exposure has increased. Activation of IgE by innocuous allergens triggers the maladaptive response of an allergic reaction. Individuals who are not infested by helminths with a genetic propensity for high IgE antibody expression are most susceptible to allergic hypersensitivity. In developed countries, decreased helminthiasis prevalence in junction with increased allergen exposure are responsible for the increase in allergic disease prevalence.

Toshiba :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Toshiba Toshiba: The Future is Theirs In 1875 Hisashige Tanaka established Tanaka Seizo-sho, Japan’s first manufacturer of telegraphic equipment. The company thrived for over 60 years as an independent entity. In 1890, Hakunetsu-sha & Co., Ltd, was founded. It was Japan’s first manufacturing facility of electric incandescent lamps. Then in 1939, the two companies merged to become Tokyo Shibaura Denki. They were now an electric equipment manufacturer. The company’s reputation was established rapidly and they soon became known simply as Toshiba. They made this official with the name change to Toshiba in 1978. Throughout the company’s long life there have been many major inventions that have guaranteed them a place in history. Among these are the following world’s firsts: 1. 1967—first automatic zip code reader 2. 1970—first color video phone 3. 1986—first laptop personal computers 4. 1995—developed high-density optical disc, DVD They have remained successful for many years because of their ability to stay on top of the world of technology. This is no small feat. Numerous companies have been lost because of a rapidly changing technology market that most were unable to keep up with the pace. With a resume of inventions spanning more than 120 years, a solid financial history and their status of being a multinational corporation, where does Toshiba go from here? Can they continue to keep up the pace of the past with the technology market changing more each and every day? What can they do to maintain their current level of success without compromising their values and commitment to the global society? To sum up all these questions: What’s next for Toshiba? Before looking at what the next step should be for Toshiba, it is necessary to examine what the driving forces behind the operation and all its decisions are. For them, The Basic Commitment is this force. In 1990 this Commitment was formulated as a â€Å"statement of management philosophy.† Every management decision made is done so by the guidance set forth in the Basic Commitment, which follows: We, the Toshiba Group companies, based on our total commitment to people and to the future, are determined to help create a higher quality of life for all people, and to do our part to help ensure that progress continues within the world community