Example Answers to Tasks on STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2593 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The purpose of this assignment will try to critically examine the short coming in CPP (NALCO), human resource management. It will try to explain the importance of strategic of human resource management and it probable contribution to the company. Human resource is the backbone of an organisation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example Answers to Tasks on STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT" essay for you Create order Strategic human resource management is a branch of human resource management. In an organization SHRM means accepting and involving the HR function as a strategic partner in the formulation and implementation of the companys strategies through HR activities such as recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel. Armstrong (2000). Strategic Human Resource Management is a concept that integrates traditional human resource management activities within an organisations overall strategic planning and implementation. SHRM integrates human resource considerations with other physical, financial and technological resources in the setting of goals and solving complex organisational problems. Legnick-Hall Legnick- hall, (1988). Case study NALCO The case study discusses about the human resource management policies adopted by Captive Power Plant (CPP), a power plant set up by National Aluminium Company (NALCO) in India. The study discusses about the human resource development in the organisation and the practices with the organisations overall corporate strategy. It details relate to the employee training, training and development, mentoring and work-life balance. It also describes how the organisation has established a culture of poor performance and struggling to achieve its strategic goals. The case study concludes with the suggestion on whether the CPP can further optimize its returns by modifying its HRM practices to prepare itself for the future. TASK-1 Purpose of the Strategic Human Resource Management in CPP (NALCO) The purpose of Strategic Human Resource Management is to create strategic capability by ensuring that the company has the well-motivated, skilled and committed employees to achieve its strategic goals and to provide a sense direction in a turbulent environment. SHRM consists with both Human capital requirements and the development of the process. It provides a perspective way in critical issues or in success factors which relates to people, major impact on strategic decisions and success of the organisation. Todays corporate world became an extremely complex and competitive market. Scaling and heights of the success in business is not easy task. Now a day for any organisation, employees play a key role to success of the organisation. It does not mean that only an employee will do the best job, but also means that every employee must be right for the job what they are doing. Captive Power Plant (CPP), a public sector power plant, a power unit on National Aluminium Company (NALCO) . It operates in an inclusive environment; this means a culture that gives stress on individual and cultural differences. The management of the company has very old and poor culture which has lack of flexibility among the employees. It has got an unstructured organisational culture. The company has lack of interest to the developing human resource, not interest on the employees. Although it is a very old company, the traditional management systems of the organisation still supporting. They are making policies of human resource which has been used by the management without any consultation of any other department. The management decision making in functional orientation of the company hampering the cross-functional perspective. So it is very complicated for the whole management system which can be a big loss for the organisation. For their hierarchical decision making, that can be effect on response from the employee. Organisational culture is made by the value of assumptions, bel iefs and those are shared by the whole members of the organisation. It has been created by the top level management or team members which presents the important unit of the work environment in which the employee do their jobs. The idea in this culture sometimes most of the employee cannot touch which is intangible, but it can be feel and follow. The management system and organisational culture affects all over the organisation. The work culture of CPP is not giving the important for its employees and executed by hierarchical and rigid culture. The company had adopted the traditional structure which needs a big change in responds to rapidly changing markets and conditions in order to competitive and grow. Good management culture motivated the employees to perform more and more and provide the optimum output for the organisation. Organisation should believe in the philosophy of people first than all other thing in the organisation. CPP has created an environment where the people ar e not happy to work. Most of the employee takes sick holiday, more absenteeism, irregular on work. Strategic human resource management is the way to help the company to satisfy the needs of the employees while desiring the goals. Human resource consult with any part of the company that effect on employees, such as training and development,, hiring and firing, pay incentives, safety information and sick or vacation days. However, the management of the company pointed out that it could not allow highly accelerated career growth due to the companys unstable career policy. The company felt that there is no job secure in the company. It has to considerable the stability at the company, so that employee can work stress-free and could give their best to the company. TASK-2 Developing Human Resource Plan An organisation always thrives on challenges and tries to overcome those and prove itself to its effort to prosper. Many organisations fall upon major assets, the human resource to achieve its strategic goals. Forcefully workforce in an organisation is not a key of chance. In fact CPP has led the public sector undertaking in setting traditional management structure. Human resource is the back bone of any organisation. It provides the most important policies for the organisation to achieve its objectives. As the time of developing and expanding of the organisation, the human resource department of the organisation needs to change the policy and the regulation according to the employee satisfaction. So it helps the organisation to achieve its strategic goals. The main elements of human resources are like planning, recruiting, training and development, performance and measurement. Planning is a process of determining the strategic goals of an organisation and developing the stra tegies with the operation and utilizing resources towards setting goals and objective. A human resource manager needs to plan for the future according to the external environment of the company like competitor, government policy, and labour market. He needs to know if there are required skills needed or if there are few people with the type of skill needed by the company. It is all about recruiting the right people and developing them with the new strategy. In case of recruitment and selection it is very important to know when, why and how to recruit staff. Organisation recruit the employee so business can be expand and changing job roles within the business because of new skills and new technology. Employees are also recruited due to the company needs to fill the vacancies. Training could be defined as a learning experience or activity of the work, making the high performance of employees which will turn the business successful. Training provides to the employee to contribute the effective of an organisation, while on the other hand employee also get development itself. In order to competitive business the performance of the management needs to monitor employee effectively. Some of the organisation use to monitoring the performance of their employees like performance reviews, self-evaluation, peer evaluation and target setting for individual or group. TASK-3 Principal Impacts on Human Recourse Management The impact of strategic of human resource management in an organisational culture of a company, it influence by life values, thinking patterns and behavioural modes of senior managers and employees. When organisational culture and strategies of human resource management supplement each other, the strategies can exert their effectiveness and competitive advantages. The organisational culture provides an equal and open environment for the senior managers and the employees to communicate frankly and share their knowledge and study from each other. It is on the base of frequent communication, mutual supporting, and trust between employees. Improving the effectiveness of Human Resource Management CPP is a big company but recruits less amount of people during the year. It should be aim to ensure that they attract and offer employment, to either internal or external applicants who are most suitable for the current and future needs of the business. When there are some new opportunities for internal staff, the company has to advertise the new job. They have to advertise the job by using the Internet, newspapers and job centres. If anyone is interested then they can apply and if selection has been done that, they will go for an interview. For an interview the interviewer will ask the candidate a set of questions. This questioner will include questions, which will be the main objective or details of an employee, those the company is looking for. Training and development programme There are different types of training for different position. Company should provide the specific training every six months. Different types of training such has on going, training framework, care skills, health safety, legal, and multi- skill. Performance management The organisation should monitor the performance of its employees by giving them a review plan once a year depending on different department. To academic aspiration of employees company should sponsor employees to induct for courses which are basic require of an employee. To meet the strategic goal of becoming a learning organisation, company should integrated knowledge management system which will be facilitates tactic knowledge of employees for the future reference. Appraisal system has to be carried out every 12 months. An appraisal system is an opportunity to discuss with members of staff whats going well, what can be improved, how they would like to develop and any reasonable suggestion from any member of staff. At CPP these meeting are done between the manager and CPPs employee. These meeting are also confidential. The pay and reward system should be every year for the best member or members of staff that have contributed to the company in respectively. Organisation will give certificates of recognition, praise and value awards. Rewards and Recognition Creating a new organisational culture of rewards and recognitions through an events, function and celebration of various achievements and recognising the contributions for the success of organisation. Career Advancement Opportunities Talent management system in an organisational culture is to ensure that the commitment of meaningful growth new challenges for the employees. Talent management should comprise with performance management, career paths and leadership development. TASK- 4 Purpose of Human Resource Management Policies in an Organisation The purpose of Human resource management policies is to well establish, develop, maintain and communicate office policies throughout the entire company providing help, advise and consult with the employees (www.smallbusinessbible.org). Handling people is always hard task and difficult people are always hard to handle. With the help of Human Resource department, employees can work together in a cordial and friendly atmosphere with their peers to create an effective business mechanism. John Purcell (1993) considers that when in an organisation applied new policies and practices, it often associated with such words like organisational commitment, competence, empowerment, flexibility, organisation culture, performance, assessment, reward, teamwork, involvement, cooperation, harmonization, quality and learning. These policies are intended to support the effectiveness of the human resource function. An organisation introduces their Human Resource Policies for very different reason. Th ese are including: To support their general management strategy To follow the latest developments in effective people management To comply with existing or new rules and regulation Complying with the government rules and regulations To keep up with the competitors particularly in a tight labour market. Purpose of Human Resource Management Policies in CPP CPP has adopted a visionary approach to address the issue of corporate social responsibility since inception. CPP management takes every care to promote and fulfil the recreational and health requirements of the employees. It creates different social groups to organise their project with cultural traditions and social values. Recruitment and Selection policy Recruitment is the process of employing the staff in an organisation and then selection consists of choosing suitable candidate from the application form to fill the post. Recruiting procedure can be done through internally by recruitment within the firm or externally by recruiting people from outside. When in an organisation forming a recruitment policy, it comes with some elements like job analysis, job profile, recruitment advertising, selection techniques, interviews, references, medical examinations, asylum and immigration, documentation and equal opportunities monitoring. The recruitment policy had provisions to give preference to marginalised classes of society like the scheduled castes/tribes, economically backward classes, Ex-servicemen, persons uprooted from the project areas, physically handicapped and dependents of regular employees who die in harness. Specific provisions are made for reservation and concessions to SC/ST and physically handicapped persons. Recognition to employee CPP has introduced a combined team Award Scheme to bring in an inter-unit competitiveness in various areas of activity, leading to excellence and perfection. With this in mind CPP is introducing inter-project competitions in Productivity, Safety, House Keeping, Industrial Relations, and Improvement Protection in the Environment. The objective of the Award Scheme is to induce a Team Spirit amongst all employees of Projects/Stations, to bring in a sense of competitiveness amongst all employees and the teams and to reward the best performing project. Training development In organisation, training consists of the way of developing skills with productivity and quality of work and accepted as a method of improving the skill of employees in work environment. To meet the objective of the effective organisation it depends on skills, abilities and commitment of the employees who contribute the most important asset of the organisation. In CPP it has developed its own comprehensive training infrastructure, which envisages a minimum of 7 man days of training per employee per year. Gender equality The HR policies and the practices ensure gender equality. CPP is one of the few organizations to have a policy for grant of paternity leave. Adequate mechanism has been provided in the form of a committee for investigating complaints relating to sexual harassment of working women. CPP also taps rich resources available in families of employees. Ladies clubs at each of the projects utilises this potential for educational, health and other community development projects in and around the project areas. SC/ST CPP has endeavoured that it takes responsibility for adequate representation of SC/ST and OBC categories in employment. Towards this effort, there have been exclusive advertisements/notifications for employment of SC/ST category candidates. These vacancies are circulated to all accredited SC/ST associations as prescribed under Govt. guidelines. Social efforts for physical handicapped people CPP has a deep-rooted commitment to reach out and light up lives of physically challenged people. Apart from the medical camps as described above, equal employment opportunities are offered to this special category of individuals as defined under Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full participation) Act 1995. With 125 such persons already provided regular employment, 200 odd are more likely to be recruited at various projects in the near future. Such a massive effort of this magnitude has never been undertaken by any organisation in the past. This has been done because CPP has committed itself to provide enhanced employment opportunities to disabled persons. Health Safety The organization provides comprehensive medical care to employees and their families inclusive of primitive, curative and preventive healthcare. It also provides adequate health care to the community around the project sites. conclusion

generalized anxiety disorder Essay - 1107 Words

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic and often disabling condition that is associated with uncontrollable worry and tension. The vicious cycle of anxiety and worry interferes with relationships, careers, and education, and often leads to depression. This disorder is much more than the normal anxiety that everyone experiences from time to time, and can be crippling in its severity. GAD is unlikely to disappear without proper treatment, and often worsens over time. Physical manifestations of GAD often include headaches, trembling, twitching, fatigue, irritability, frustration, muscle tension, and inability to concentrate. Sleep disturbances may also occur. Individuals suffering from this disorder†¦show more content†¦5.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. 6.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The disturbances is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g. a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g. hyperthyroidism) and does not occur exclusively during a Mood Disorder, a Psychotic Disorder, or a Pervasive Developmental Disorder. Treatment of GAD: Medications: Benzodiazepines- Medications such as Klonopin, Ativan, Valium, and Xanax often bring quick relief from the symptoms of anxiety. They are generally used while waiting for other medications to begin working, as addiction and tolerance is possible. Antidepressants- Antidepressants can be useful in managingShow MoreRelatedGeneralized Anxiety Disorder771 Words   |  3 Pagescountry are affected, it is estimated that â€Å"5% - 6% of teens ages 13-18 are affected by this troubling disorder, not including the teens that receive no treatment,† (â€Å"Generalized†). Youth that receive no treatment could be considered are under privileged. Meaning that they do not have the resources or are very limited to resources that could help them get the proper treatment for their disorder. Many of those adolescents are children that come from low income families, single family homes, or fosterRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Bryan Wood Abnormal Psychology Professor Powell April 14, 2015 Bryan Wood Mr. Powell PSY 322 April 14, 2015 Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) â€Å"During a panic attack, the first thing you want to do is get out of the situation that is causing it. However, since most professors find it disrespectful to leave during class, I had to sit for an hour and half in this agonizing state†¦It was as if I had terminal cancerRead MoreUsing Generalized Anxiety Disorder?1180 Words   |  5 Pagessmall example of what someone with Generalized Anxiety Disorder may go through on a daily business every moment during their day. The topics that are going to be covered in this paper are what is GAD and what are the signs and symptoms, how does GAD affect the ability to perform normal activities of daily living, and an overall summary with my assigned individual at SDC for his Intensive Learning Project. What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder â€Å"Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessiveRead MoreQuestions On Generalized Anxiety Disorder1151 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER 1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Chinelo Onyekere Delaware County Community College Abnormal Psychology 210 Professor Doran August 8, 2015 GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER 2 Presenting Problems Joe Steven, is reported a continuous and extensive worry about his family responsibilities. TheRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder Is A Mental Disorder That1410 Words   |  6 PagesGeneralized anxiety disorder is a mental disorder that affects approximately four to five percent of the general population. This disorder can be illustrated by excessive anxiety and worry that lasts a minimum of six months and deals with various events or activities. People who struggle with this disorder have difficulties controlling their worry; this worry can permeate into every action or thought which leads to increased anxiety. Moreover, people with generalized anxiety disorder exhibit at leastRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )1782 Words   |  8 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a mental disorder marked by extreme anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) over a period of at least 6 months. It is accompanied by at least three of these six somatic or psychological sympto ms: feeling on edge, fatigue, problems with concentration, feeling irritable, physical tension, and problems with sleep. Allgulander2012 GAD pervasive cogn dysfunction w/focus on threat and risk tow indiv/family Tension worry muscle pain sleep dist irritability PsychRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder1142 Words   |  5 PagesGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a disorder of shared self-reported symptoms. It goes with tension, uncontrollable worrying, sometimes muscle pain, trouble sleeping, and irritability that all together impair work ability, relations, and leisure activities. It is a common condition and there are psychological and pharmacological treatment options are available for anxiety disorders but not all patients respond to the same treatment as others. Finding a good treatment can take many months or sometimesRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad ) Essay2397 Words   |  10 PagesReview Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a disorder in which an individual may feel persistent, excessive, and worry about everyday things that may not even happen. Individuals with this disorder may feel worry, excessive anxiety, and have thoughts of the worst even when there is no need for concern. A person experiencing GAD may expect a disaster. They may worry about their finances, money, health, family, work, or any issue that may come to mind. This disorder mayRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )999 Words   |  4 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most diagnosed mental disorders today, and can often be closely linked to concurrent symptoms or disorders including physiological, behavioral, other anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse. (Merino, Senra Ferreiro, 2016) (Cacioppo Fregberg, 2013, p. 688). GAD most notably produces symptoms of excessive worry and anxiety related to non-specific risks, which often leads to functional decline both socially and professionally (Roberge etRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder2902 Words   |  12 PagesGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about everyday things that is disproportionate to the actual source of worry. This excessive worry often interferes with daily functioning, as individuals suffering GAD typically anticipate disaster, and are overly concerned about everyday matters such as health issues, money, death, family problems, friend problems, relationship problems or work difficulties.[1]

the Saatchi Gallery Free Essays

As an art gallery that exists both in actuality as well as virtually, the Saatchi Gallery is second to none in the volume and quality of work housed on its website and in its halls. In fact, Saatchi represents the standard against which all other galleries are measured, and indeed may itself be the definitive source for accessing contemporary art of all styles. The gallery uses several methods to publish the creative work of the thousands of artists that utilise its services as a means of promoting themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on the Saatchi Gallery or any similar topic only for you Order Now In its online form, a wide variety of rooms exist in which artists may not only post samples of their work, but also interact with the other artists and with the art lovers that frequent its cyber-halls. Such rooms as the Stuart Room, provide a place for students of the visual arts to display their own work and form networks to promote and discuss art. The Crits Room allows other artists the opportunity to critique the works placed there on display, while a room exists in which street artists have the freedom to create and display their works without prejudice, but rather with acclaim. Other resources on the site also allow for the actual creation of artistic pieces, such as the availability of an online studio. In addition to this, the gallery (both London- and online-based) hosts a wide variety of exhibitions based on important historical or cultural themes. It includes culture-based themes such as â€Å"USA Today: New American Art,† â€Å"Germania: New Art from Germany,† and â€Å"New Britannia. † Exhibitions are also held under such themes as â€Å"The Power of Paper† and â€Å"Shape of Things to Come† in order to underscore the strength of these respective artistic mediums. The Saatchi Gallery therefore offers more than a portal to viewing art: it is a means of creating, exploring, and understanding current art as well as shaping its direction for the future. Showdown The Saatchi Gallery hosts its artist â€Å"Showdown† as a means of promoting and rewarding artists that demonstrate themselves as possessing extraordinary talent. It is also a means of getting popular opinion on the works of these up-and-coming artists. Over a one-week period, Saatchi accepts one piece of art work from each artist that chooses to enter the contest. Submissions are accepted between 9:00 a. m. on Monday until 6:00 p. m. on the following Sunday. Voting then begins, and each visitor to the site is allowed to rate the quality of each piece of work submitted. Visitors may vote on as many pieces as they wish, but are allotted only one vote for each individual piece. They indicate their preference for a particular work by rating it on a scale of one (1) to ten (10). After the scores are tallied, a duel begins between the two artists who have attained the highest scores. These two leaders vie for a chance to enter the final showdown, where the winners of twelve such rounds go head to head for the final prize of ?1000 for the winner and ?750 for the runner up. Entrance into this event on the Saatchi website is free and easy, and it holds the promise of furthering the careers of not just the talented winners but also of the wide variety of talented entrants whose works will be seen by Saatchi’s large viewing audience. The competition is also a means of exposing young artists to the triumphs and pitfalls that are likely to attend them throughout their entire artistic career. Therefore, artists not only get the chance to benefit monetarily, but also the chance to develop as a professional businessperson. Art Fair The Saatchi Gallery acts as a means of informing the public about the plethora of art events that take place annually around the globe. Within its pages, it is possible to find the profiles of those organisations that host and promote art shows in the various cities, regions, and countries of the world. Local, regional and international events are promoted on the site daily, with images, descriptions, and other critical information that enables the selective art lover to determine the likelihood of the event to suit his/her preferences. Saatchi welcomes all event hosts to utilise this resource as a means of getting traffic to their art shows or fairs, as well as to their website. In fact, this resource is offered free of charge to such art fair event planners, and they are welcome to use as many pages as necessary to aptly describe their fair and reach out to their intended audience. Upon choosing a username and password, event hosts are able to create a profile of their event that includes various dimensions. In addition to venue, hours, tickets/prices, directions and exhibitor profiles, space is granted for the inclusion of information about sponsors and also to upload pictures, images, or other graphics that will enhance the appeal of the event in the eyes of the public. Furthermore, the Saatchi gallery supports the editing of such event profiles so that pertinent information regarding the fair may be added at any time after the initial posting. This resource’s value has already been discovered by hundreds of artistic organisations, and the benefits gained by their use of the service have been incalculable. With this service, Saatchi offers next-generation methods of on-demand promotion to meet the requirements of 21st century art aficionados. Photographers The breadth and scope of the Saatchi Gallery’s influence in the world of art can be gauged by the variety of artistic genres to which it extends its facility. Saatchi extends all courtesies granted to artists also to a large number of photographers, and caters especially to those photo-artists who have gone unrecognised despite having produced consistently solid and meritorious work throughout their careers. The gallery bars no photographer on grounds of his/her cultural, national or ethnic background. Rather, cultural diversity is encouraged and fostered in the international artistic forum that the Saatchi Gallery has become. Photographers are welcome to upload their work to the website after completing a short registration process. Images should be uploaded as jpg files of a size no greater than 2 megabytes. Upon uploading, their work becomes viewable by the millions of viewers already frequenting the site, and accessible to the hundreds of art-oriented websites that link to Saatchi Online. For any photographer, this resource is invaluable in its ability to vivify their career as an artist. All are given the freedom to create their own profiles online and upload up to eight (8) pieces that they believe are most representative of their artistic talent and creative posture. Photographers are also allowed the chance to make contact with those interested in their work, and this group may range from admirers to potential buyers. The gallery also enhances the networking capabilities of these photographers with respect both to their work and to the work of others in their field. It allows them the chance to converse with photographers and critics alike as a means of gaining inspiration or of improving the quality of their future work. Saatchi Online is therefore an indispensable tool for the improvement of artistic photography careers on an international scale. How to cite the Saatchi Gallery, Papers

The Human Condition free essay sample

The human condition is based on attitudes, but not reactions. The human condition regrets the actions our emotions cause us to do. The human condition is an expedition where it encounters good and bad. The good of helping others or our surroundings in general. The bad of turning our mixed emotions into something more hurtful where we want the people whom have hurt us to experience the pain and feel no sorrow for them, for they didnt feel any sort of compassion. When those e cared for hurt us or we hurt them back because of what our emotions felt. Not everyone Is the same; some people are Just obsessed with getting back at those whom have hurt them or Just want them for themselves or Just feel theyve been betrayed In some way. In the story Lamb to the Slaughter the wife Is obsessed with her husband and just wants him for her and no one else. Her husband confessed to her and somehow she felt betrayed and she killed her husband.She couldnt believe what she did and thought he would wake later on, but knowing he wasnt going to. Our emotions can cause us to do some regrettable things that we later ask ourselves why did I do that? Our attitude towards a situation is completely different from how we react to it. We always somehow dont know how to react to a situation and our emotions take over and cause us to do something regrettable that defines our attitude towards the situation. Some people do think what their actions will do to others or those who have hurt them.Sometimes those who had nothing to with the situation end up being the ones getting hurt and not those who caused the pain and trouble. In the story Made Made had killed her own children for no reason just because they reminded her of Jason. Jason was the one who betrayed her not her children. She basically took out her rage out on the children by killing them, Croon, and the princess. The human condition is not all bad. The bad is Just brought from our emotions that could be controlled if we reacted positively towards the situation. We are all capable of changing if we wanted to, to be better people than we or most of us are or for those who do bad Just to do bad and want to change to be better people. We as human beings are Informed from the people around us or news reports, things that Just happen around the world that really affect us either emotionally or personally Like protests, wars, or massacres. There Is no person who Is bad In my opinion, yes there is no excuse for what some people do that may affect us ourselves.If we were to really think things through why would we want to get back at whomever hurter us or betrayed us? What good is it to get back at them? If we do get back at whomever hurt us well feel worse than we did before because now that we got what we wanted it isnt what we needed. Our regrets are what stand in the way of us moving on and our emotions especially play with our mind making us confused and not knowing what to do with the situation, but only if we thought things through, the situa tion could turn out differently from what we want it to be.Besides the fact that not all people are bad, the good in oneself comes from us wanting to do good not because we have to, but because we want to. The reason people do good is because its the right thing to do not because theyll get rewarded afterwards or to make themselves feel better its Just because you want to not cause you have to. In And of clay we are created Roll Carla didnt help Acumen from dying because he had to, he helped her because he wanted to. He could have just left her there to die, but instead he stayed with her, fed her, and made her feel that someone did care and love her.Though he did everything he could to save her, he didnt get rewarded at the end for trying; he did what was right and did what he could. When Acumen begged Roll Carla Dont leave me alone Roller Carla could have Just left, but instead he stayed telling her No, of course I wont leave you. Roller Carla knowing Acumen wouldnt make it, he still did everything in his power to help her out of that hole. The human condition isnt Just about doing good or bad, its about how hard we try.Our self-conscious is what lets us become aware of our actions and emotions. In Lord of the flies Rail was self-conscious that no matter how hard he tried to keep everyone together Jack always turned everything upside down and turned most of the boys of whom he didnt kill into savages. Rail cared about everyone being rescued, but Jack only cared about the beast or the pig. We could steal up on one paint our faces so they wouldnt see perhaps surround them and was talking about smoke! Dont you want be rescued?All you talk about is pig, pig, pig! We all sometimes if not always assume whats good or bad for others, but we all really need to stop and think whats really good for ourselves. My point on the human condition is that we all can change if we wanted to. There are things we see and hear that plague our minds and perhaps are what cause us to do impact things. To this, in my opinion, there are three different types of people n the world, those who forgive but dont forget, those who forgive but dont forget and those who forgive and forget.I think this is w hat make us so different. I believe that if we all Just all stop and think things through and do better and smarter things our actions wouldnt be so hurtful to others and we wouldnt be or feel betrayed. We all know that some of us go through hard times or are in a difficult position, but is no excuse for how we act and treat others. We are all the same no matter where in world we maybe or how different we look; were all the same and should be treated that way no matter what the situation maybe.

Ceremony Essays (551 words) - English Culture, English Language

Ceremony The ceremonies allowed Tayo to see that he was not alone and though he did go to war and began to mix with the white culture he did not abandon his people. Because it is the people that you love that you can never abandon because they will always be there for you no matter what. The book I decided to research was the Professor and the Madman by Simon Winchester is a story about a man with much greater knowledge and wisdom than the average human being, but is so mentally devastated by a particular event in his WWII deployment, that he begins to fall out of place. William Chester Minor has a PhD and is a very American-like hero being in the War and serving his country. Doing a good deed is well in his nature as if he was made to do it, but he is broken down piece by piece. Minor had to brand one of his own soldiers for fleeing the battle field, and ever since that very day, Dr. Minor would never be the same man he once was. He lost all hope in himself. He began to feel like the world was out to get him, along with the Irishman that probably wanted to kill him. Minor had terrifying night terrors along with very intense paranoia. Not knowing if this man would ever be back to normal, the world gave him one more chance. He was able to contribute a huge amount of intelligence to the OED (Oxford English Dictionary). The woes began shortly after his departure from the battle field, and into the real world, where he would find out that he couldnt get away with murder, literally. Dr. Minor was a very bright man with a well centered head on his shoulders. Maybe that was all too good to be true after he murdered a man in the midst of night. People began to talk, but nobody really knew for sure. Why did Dr. minor shoot a man he had no relation to or sympathy for? What could drive a man that far to go out of his way to put himself in prison for the rest of his days on this planet? Baffling in all aspects, the doctors treating Dr. Minor were drawn to the conclusion that he was PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder). When they began to analyze and speculate why Minor killed the innocent man, talking to Minor would be the easiest thing. He was like an open book, any question they asked, he had a very thorough answer to it. Minor began to talk about his time in the War, and thats when he himself realized what he had done, and exactly why he did it in the first place. Minor was having recollection of the Irishman who he branded, and he was so traumatized with that part icular event, that it drove him so insanely mad, he took an innocent mans life because of his fright. The years he would not get back, stuck inside an insane asylum, he would have plenty of time on his hands to think over what he had done, though he didnt feel much emotion at all. When minor got a phone call from the publishers of the OED, he was baffled.

Relationship Between Tour Operators And Their Suppliers Tourism Essay Example

Relationship Between Tour Operators And Their Suppliers Tourism Essay Example Relationship Between Tour Operators And Their Suppliers Tourism Essay Relationship Between Tour Operators And Their Suppliers Tourism Essay In this study I would compose about The relationship between the circuit operators and their providers . I would give some description of Accommodation, Transport, Ground animal trainers, jaunts and activities, Food and trades. This is related to the subject so I will seek depicting them every bit good as possible. I will besides compose about Tourism and supply concatenation direction, conveyance to and from finishs and besides decision. Hopefully would be apprehensible for other who are interesting in this topic. Body: The power of the circuit operator for their Sellerss has been the focal point of great argument in the concern in latest old ages. Sightsee operatives besides known as circuit operators difference that the marketer is a self-acting service supplier in excess of whom they do non use regulation. Sometimes, but, it is non easy to make up ones mind that the marketer is a self-acting service supplier or the circuit operator s agent. The significance of the division is in the dissimilar costs that run from the changed interactions. A Tour operators have normally offered an article in their brochure stand foring: A They do non use consecutive regulation above the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours organisation of accommodation, air hoses, railroads and other supernumeraries sing to your holiday. They so are powerless to hold to duty for some work or lapse ground by persons concerned in your holiday activities over which they do non use consecutive regulation . Though the difference is determined by deliberation of all the conditions and non merely by suggestion to the phrasing of the understanding associating them. Exist three cardinal motivations for the significance of the difference associating a director and a self-sufficing service supplier: A Explicit duty: the sightsee operator is vicariously responsible for the work or faux pass of representative but non persons of self-sufficing service suppliers ( except in the EU where the Package Travel Directive applies ) .The duty to offer security: the circuit operator has a duty to obtain reasonable concern for the single protection of workers ( e.g. representatives ) except for the Sellerss. Legal responsibility: regulations that inflict expressed duty on a manner typically detain to duty to the work of employees and agents and do non usually inflict duty for the work of self-sufficing service suppliers. hypertext transfer protocol: //wftga.org/news/consumer-rights-tourists-international-level-and-role-tourist-guides-john-j-downes ( 13/03/12 ) A The contribute sequence consist of the Sellerss of all the supplies and forces which go lament on the release of touristry goods to clients. It consist of all Sellerss of supplies and services which may non be straight agreed by sightsee secret agents or by their representatives ( including land animal trainers ) or Sellerss ( includingA adjustment suppliers ) . Tourism contribute ironss engage tonss of work non merely lodging, A A transit and touring, but besides clubbing and cafes, handcraft, food markets production, rubbish clearance, and the transit that supplies touristry in places.A A Delivery chains work via trade-to-trade dealingss, and support concatenation organisation distribute sustainability presentation development next to economic act, by operational to develop the industry process of all Sellerss in the bringing string.A Sightsee operatives cover immense power over actions all over the touristry bringing concatenation, as they point and power the size of touristry, th e tourer marks and comfortss which are second-hand. Sightsee operatives may use that to help in advertisement universal development in sustainability act as component of excellent industrial preparation. Within readying activities for sustainable bringing ironss, sightsee secret agents and The Travel Foundation have to memorize that exist theoretical accounts of excellent developing all over the consecutive bringing concatenation of sightsee secret agents plus in a choice of travel marks but these are merely applied by a few concerns and tonss of others may analyze from them. This will be easiest to use sustainability demands in lodging and really hard in transporting, chiefly discernible in circuit and public presentation as most helpful to the neighboring market asA this supplies food markets and ability industry. Target sustainability attempts will necessitate bigger stockholder organisation and if merely for this motivation will be excess period concentrated to use. A safe gros s flow, by steady understandings and projected understanding fortunes plus value is top, together to ease the indispensable nest eggs by the Sellerss, and to do stronger the assurance in the association. Scheme requires period of clip for concerns to do understanding and expand dealingss, and sightsee secret agents tend to necessitate a stable and of import measure of actions with a marketer or mark if they are to make an of import contribution and delay for transforming in restricted processs. Three fortunes in the sightsee operative-and marketer association are chiefly important for the achieve triumph of bringing twine program: long-time organisation, sensible value and a dependable sum of procedure. Exultant bringing twine dealingss among concerns and their Sellerss are developed and applied harmonizing to a clear figure of stairss: To set up a sustainable supply concatenation policy and direction system. To back up providers in making Sustainability Goals, including raising consciousness on sustainability issues amongst providers and showing why sustainability public presentation is of import To incorporate sustainability standards into providers contracts and preferentially understanding providers that meet those standards. Trade advantages from assume all right preparations for touristry bringing threading organisation consist of saving of clients, as around they raising presume in charge public presentation still from persons non prepared to pay for this ; raised income ; deal disbursals and better working effectivity, outstanding spirited to see and respond to danger and opportunity in the stock promote ; A · organisation of jeopardy and maintain on in forepart of governmental petitions ; better work force act, success of improved employment and workforceA A care, when happy work force are an of import advantage ; defense mechanism of the centre resources of the trade ( environment and civilization ) ; and improved merchandise worth, position and market place, supporting image and place, particularly for concerns openly quoted on shop sell. They advise to the TF offer precedence to attempt in the lodging sub country, particularly in comparative to middle-sized edifices, and in place food markets industry and support, and that the precedency parts for development in every of these bombers parts are: Room, ecological act, service fortunes for work force and judicial admission of counsel on sustainability topics ; service chances for local countries population ; ecological transit in the finish, peculiarly for organisation of difficult and unstable harsh environment ; linkages with the place market peculiarly for food markets support, handcrafts and equipment ; advertisement of publically and environmentally sustainable touristry packages and Sellerss Local nutrient A ; trade manufacturers A ; providers: Sustainable industry manner contains doing development and counsel ; Class, consistence and supply ; and reach to sells. On the beginning of present bringing twine presentation and actions, developments are needed as a right of manner in these touristry sub-sectors in all development states where touristry takes topographic point. In add-on, developments which might be related to transit, land trainer, tours A ; actions and nines A ; eating topographic points sub-parts, are drawled. As good they advise the undermentioned advantages for act by the TF that will assist in advertisement bringing twine developments: Support TF sightsee operative associates to increase excess precise and methodicalA dataA on their actions which supply to better sustainability at the scope of purposes in their bringing strings, peculiarly for garnering touristry. Support larger blessing and public presentation by TF members of active theoretical accounts of excellent preparation in the bringing twine, with back-up of their Sellerss via watchfulness increasing, counsel and technological support, and apply of precise understanding clause as suited, to use all right exercising equipment and rules for their zone, on socio-financial and ecological characteristic. Support TF sightsee operative associates to roll up informations sing sustainability affairs at the aims peculiarly group touristry marks which they go perchance by establishing a regular docket of informations assembly and reevaluate gap with twosome of marks chiefly. Persuade TF associates to better substructure with finish stockholders on chief sustainabi lity subject and to spread out concern with finish stockholders to construct up and understand development to come on sustainability program. Persuade TF associates to presume and spread out client learning so that their clients are watchful of of import communal, fiscal and ecological subjects at marks, and of behaviors that they may obtain to develop sustainability during on holiday ; and to use selling to promote in client-welcoming lingua Sellerss and holidaies that are excess sustainable. This statement reconsiders instance of active touristry bringing twine program from figure points of the universe and at figure of topographic points in the bringing twine. A bringing twine comprises the Sellerss of all the supplies and services which go into the transportation of touristry goods to clients. It comprise all Sellerss of supplies and services whether or non they are consecutive agreed by sightsee secret agents or by their representatives. Plus land trainers or Sellerss and lodging provider. This must every bit good be mentioned to a few touristry supplies and services are given consecutive to visitants and are purcha sing by clients plus it must non be onwards that sightsee secret agents may pull strings their clients in this part every bit good. The strategy overviewed in this statement pays attending on developed net income to the finish topographic points, clients and the touristry trade. These strategies are determined of four major purposes in the touristry bringing twine: Adjustment Conveyance Land animal trainers, jaunts and activities Food and trades Besides contain a scope of many actions from turning the size of place supplies and services old in the touristry country. To run on ecological and socio-educational subjects, for illustration waste organisation preparations, service readying and combat forbidden figures of touristry. Tonss of these thoughts were put into preparation by individual or twosome of touristry industry, on occasion running in partnership among many topographic points in the bringing twine. Tour operators have besides integrated several thoughts purposed to keep further sustainable touristry which are being assumed at finish rank. Tourism and supply concatenation direction: The consequence of a sightsee operative appear from the effects of every workings of the goods they retail, every bit good as usage of unprocessed resources and their giving out and industry, every bit good as consequence from move and supply. Admiting the sustainability of every touristry ware follows vanishing to the unprocessed resources from which are made, via Sellerss, Sellerss Sellerss, and etc, traveling back to beginning, including guarantying a concern assemble sustainability status in its single inner function.A A Tourism, as any old bringing strings, work through trade-to-trade dealingss, and bringing twine organisation may be practical to administer sustainability presentation development next to economic act, by working to develop the merchandising procedure of all Sellerss in the bringing twine. One major fluctuation among touristry bringing twine and persons of more countries, like that visitants journey to the ware, and the ware that they purchase has a largely high service element in other linguistic communication, this engage a upper sum of persons in the instant industry of the holiday pattern. Very good instance of bringing threading organisation from a different country is the DIY marketer, B A ; Q, that has urbanized and applied a chief bringing threading organisation docket, primary dressed ore on ecological effects, and presently suit in public effects on top, for all its 40,000 goods. in bend to see its in general sustainability as a marketer, B A ; Q analysis the sustainability of its goods traveling back to the unprocessed resources from which they were formed, via Sellerss, Sellerss Sellerss, and etc. , traveling back to footing, besides as vouching that B A ; Q gather sustainability norm in its single inner procedure. Used for B A ; Q, the rules of ware plus service and operational environment are a cardinal component of category and sustainability. Contribute concatenation organisation in all zones, every bit good as tour istry, wrap all pieces of a ware life rhythm : unrefined resources, processing, bring forthing, supply, merchandising, client apply and last dumping.A A In general, the sustainability of a touristry ware, consequence on subjects plus the ambiance and operational environment in top targeted provinces ; security, plus security of clients and employees in distribute all characteristics of a touristry goods ; and militias use and remotion, every bit good as good direction, recycle and recover of rubbish supplies, and steps to raise the effectivity of supplies apply. Tourism bringing strings engage tonss of plants non merely lodging, transportation and Tourss, but besides inns and cafes, handicraft, food markets industry, waste dumping, and the transit that ropes touristry in marks. All those type a fraction of the holiday ware which is usual by visitants while they buy holidaies whether or non the Sellerss of those plants are straight agreed by a sightsee secret agent. Merely like no sightsee operative will offer first category transportation to acquire clients to a 5th category holiday public house, the sustainability of a holiday, like category, its up to presentation on all the associates in the touristry bringing twine. An extra characteristic of the touristry bringing twine is the public presentation of clients during on holiday, largely in relation to public presentation and what they footing for themselves in tourer mark. Sightsee operative are publicizing the full holiday apprehension to clients, and is consist of opportunities to pattern a marks place ware and activities. Sightsee operatives may collaborate a major undertaking in if suited suggestion to their clients sing place wares and activities, and in warrant that place maker and installation provider include manner in to travelers on a inexpensive monetary value. Lots of sightsee secret agents by now supply more informations on these characteristics, but there is scope to make supernumeraries. A Transport to A ; from finishs Sightsee working contain selling, purchase, trades betterment, publicity and trade, and bargains. Land processA A contain land transportation and Tourss. A few of the plants of touristry merchandisesaˆÂ ¦ sightsee secret agents treaty Sellerss to offer a few of these plants straight: others are attain by Sellerss and their Sellerss. The full Sellerss offering subdivision supplies and services which go under the dispatching of touristry ware are component of the bringing twine for that good. A hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thetravelfoundation.org.uk/images/media/5._Tourism_supply_chains.pdf ( 16/03/12 ) A A Decision: Finally I would wish to state that current relationship between circuit operators and their providers is strong as this study states and findings I have put down. It besides really interesting to me because some of the facts I did non cognize before. Particularly the Accommodation, Transport, Ground animal trainers, jaunts and activities, Food and trades and Tourism and supply concatenation direction. These sectors of the study explains how strong the relation ships are between the circuit operators and their providers.

Green buildings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Green buildings - Essay Example For example, the solar panels installed in green buildings are very energy efficient because their source of energy never depletes. Quality of water and air in the green buildings is better than what it is in the non-green buildings. Levels of air pollutants indoor are generally much higher than their levels outdoor. Many of these pollutants, like the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) originate in the materials that are used in the construction of buildings, yet there are other pollutants like the smoke that is generated by humans. Likewise, Asbestos is a material that is used for insulation purposes. It is made up of extremely minuscule fibers that are light enough to float in the air and are taken to the lungs with breath where they can cause serious damage to the lungs. Till 1980s, Asbestos was widely used as a construction material. However, as people began to gain awareness of its potential threats to health, they abandoned its use in construction. Green building makes sure that no such materials are used so that the environment both inside and outside the building becomes conducive for better health. Green buildings reduce waste. They mostly make reuse of materials or use renewable materials including sustainable lumber and plant matter. Recycled metal and stone are some of the primary building blocks of green buildings. Some green buildings even reuse byproducts of industries such as foundry sand, combustion materials as well as debris. One potential outcome of green buildings is that they inculcate motivation in the occupants to save resources and not waste things. Green buildings have a proper mechanism of disposal of waste. In addition to that, â€Å"green building furthers the... Since the onset of urge in people to make the buildings greener, architects have been adding numerous piecemeal elements for saving water and reducing the use of electricity in buildings. The structure of green buildings is not much different from the traditional buildings. They do not have to be designed in such a way that would make them look different from the conventional structures. In fact, green buildings have to be very much like the ordinary structures. It is only the addition of certain elements and avoidance of others that lends the â€Å"green† tag to a building. Such elements include installation of a solar panel for capturing sunlight, storing and converting it into the mechanical power. It is more of the occupants’ style of living that makes a building greener than installation or removal of elements. Occupants of a green building are very prudent in their use of things. They tend not to waste water, gas, or electricity. A building can not be expected to be green if the occupants living in it adopt such practices that are not consistent with the requirements of sustainable living. Nevertheless, there are certain factors that need to be taken into consideration while designing a green building. For example, there is sufficient water and heat proofing in the green buildings. In these structures, the roofs are covered with thick layer of soil to maintain a low temperature in the building and save it from the effect of hot weather. This obviates the need to install expensive and environment unfriendly HVAC equipment.

Quantitative Research Analysis Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative Analysis - Research Paper Example The course indicated is on teaching English to speakers of other languages (ESOL) where 29 participants from the online course and 31 students from the classroom setting were included in the research. The findings revealed that â€Å"students in the Web-based section of the course learned slightly but not significantly more than students in the classroom-based section of the course† (Thirunarayanan & Perez-Prado, 2002, 136). The authors aimed to determine the academic performance or achievement of students between the online course and the classroom setting course. The dependent variable therefore is the measure of achievement of students which is determined through tests (pretests and posttests) and the scores recorded were used to calculate statistical patterns (means, averages, t-test, among others). The independent variables are the kinds of courses offering the ESOL: offline and online groups with different sample sizes. Of course other factors that were taken into consideration were the age of the students (ranging from 21 to 47 years) and the gender (classroom setting: 30 female and 1 male student; online setting: 25 female and 4 male students). The impetus for the development of the study was the need to determine the effectiveness of teaching ESOL as â€Å"one of the final courses required of preservice teachers in their Elementary Education Program with ESOL endorsement† (Thirunarayanan & Perez-Prado, 2002, 132). Both course settings had been applied in both classroom setting and online formats. With the proliferation of distance-learning courses offered through the World Wide Web, there is a need to validate previous research studies which indicate that â€Å"there is no significant difference in the achievement of students enrolled in distance education courses when compared with the achievement of students enrolled in traditional or classroom based courses† (Thirunarayanan & Perez-Prado, 2002, 131). However, the current study did not indicate a

International Negotiations (Lansa and Newco Case) Essay

International Negotiations (Lansa and Newco Case) - Essay Example The government partially regulates Lansa (Brett 33). The Argentine Ministro de Industria Tecnologica serves on the Board of Directors. Lansa’s headquarters is in the outskirts of Buenos Aires; however, all the manufacturing and distribution comes out of Mexico. Newco’s CEO, Mr. Abercrombie, has the mandate to expand into South America with a new product line called â€Å"infomatrix†. Infomatrix is a remarkable telemetry unit that facilitates voice and data communication between all types of vehicles such as automobiles, boats, helicopters. Since Newco had previously approached Lansa at an international Telecommunication convention in London, Newco’s CEO decides to try again. On the other hand, Lansa is doing well. The CEO, Mr. Lopez, has also heard about infomatrix. He decides to approach Newco having seen that a joint venture can further boost the success of his company (Rubin 14). Objectives Newco’s objective aims at raising the value of the stock . Their main concern is to get a written document that would permit public disclosure. Lansa’s concern is dealing with an American company. It believes it has something to offer and its willingness to carry what it can understanding (Rubin 45). Lansa would also like to have a document in writing that would permit public disclosure. Mr. Arricoitxea thinks of securing an office in the upcoming elections and the company’s success would be a significant boost during his campaign. Both Newco and Lansa are aiming at taking advantage of NAFTA. Considerations Mr. Abercrombie sends a five man advanced team to Mexico upon request from Mr. Lopez. The negotiation advanced team comprises a representative of the corporate managers who is the lead negotiator, a corporate lawyer, a market analyst, a telecommunication engineer and a representative of the corporate shareholders. The representative of corporate managers brings in and supports the ideas and proposals of the corporate mana gers. By representing the interests of the corporate managers, he is in the best position to lead the negotiating team (Rubin 56). The corporate lawyer will ensure that all the transactions made are legally binding within the law. His knowledge in corporate law will be a key factor to be used during the negotiations. The market analyst can assess the viability of the market for the product. He analyzes the market price and other economic aspects that will help determine if the product will succeed in the proposed market. He will be able to convince the Lansa Company that the product will succeed in their market (Thomson 77). The telecommunication engineer becomes equipped to give any details with regards to the infomatrix. His knowledge of the product will be extremely useful in negotiating for the importance of infomatrix in the market. The representative of the shareholders will be able to back the other negotiators in his team during negotiations since he is representing the inte rests of the corporate shareholders. The main players in the international negotiations are Newco and Lansa. Newco has a new product, â€Å"infomatrix† that could enable them to expand to the South American market and hence further increase its profitability in the future. Lansa believes that a joint venture with Newco could further boost its success in

The Coevolution of Human Immunity and Helminthic Parasites

The Coevolution of Human Immunity and Helminthic Parasites Most multicellular organisms, both vertebrate and invertebrate, have an evolutionary history of infestation by extracellular parasitic worms known as helminths. The immune systems of these species have adapted to the stress of helminth infection, or helmnithiasis, through the development of mechanisms to modulate worm load in chronically infested individuals. Most marsupials and mammals, including humans, use a particular immune response mediated by IgE antibodies molecules that identify and neutralize foreign objects to defend against helminths (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). In parts of the world where helminthiasis is still prevalent, there is a selective advantage for genes that increase production of IgE antibodies. However, the adaptation to the stress of chronic worm infestation accounts for the maladaptive response to innocuous substance allergy upon removal of the stress. The presence of parasites triggers the production of molecules known as interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokines that damped the inflammation response. However, in the absence of parasites, IgE antibodies target harmless proteins and the lack of IL-10 production results in a potentially dangerous inflammatory response. In addition to the removal of the early evolutionary stress of helminths, many technology and infrastructure changes in developed countries have increased human exposure to allergens, thus increasing hypersensitivity to seemingly innocuous substances.   Many species, including humans, evolved under the stress of helminth infestation. As early hominids expanded their ecological niche and encountered new foods, they became hosts for an increased number of helminth species, which would have, in turn, evolved with the hominids. Today, humans act as hosts for more than 25 species of helminths (Warren et al 1990). The shift from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture increased sedentism and disease, including parasitic infection. Such disease was spread through contact with animals, other humans, and their wastes. The development of agricultural methods such as irrigation and the use fertilizer would have increased the exposure of early humans to soil-transmitted helminths (Cockburn 1971). For contemporary humans, parasitic and infectious diseases are controlled in some areas of the world, while chronic, noninfectious, degenerative diseases are on the rise. Although new technology has allowed some human populations to benefit from the control of infectious disease, many individuals throughout the world are still affected by infection and parasites. Globally, more than two billion people are chronically infected with soil-transmitted helminths such as schistosomes and hookworms (Florh et al. 2008). These numbers indicate there is still selection for protective mechanisms against helminthiasis in a large proportion of the contemporary human population. Given the prolonged mammalian history with parasites, the immune system has evolved protective mechanisms to safeguard the heath of a host in the event of a parasitic infection. When a helminth enters a host, antigens from the parasite diffuse across the hosts internal membranes. Two types of white blood cells, B cells and T cells, recognize antigens in the blood stream. B cells are released into the blood and carried to capillary beds serving the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system a system of vessels and organs that helps balance the fluid content of blood and the surrounding tissues while participating in the bodys defense against invading disease organisms (Russel et al. 2008). T cells are released into the blood and carried to the thymus, an organ of the lymphatic system. The adaptive immune responses are regulated by two mechanisms: antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity. During antibody-mediated immunity, derivatives of B cells known as plasma cells secrete antibodies that circulate throughout the blood and lymphatic fluid, recognizing, binding, and removing antigens. Each plasma cell is specific for at least one particular antigen, but some are capable of recognizing any antigen, even if it has never before been encountered. Plasma cells are capable of secreting are five major classes of antibodies. These antibodies are, in order of decreasing concentration, IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE (Barnes et al. 1999). Each type of antibody has a specific function in the immune system and IgE is most relevant in combating infection by parasitic worms and mediating many allergic responses such as hay fever, asthma, and hives (Russell et al 2008). Cell-mediated immunity serves as the primary mechanism for killing parasite larvae. During cell-media ted immunity, a subset of T cells becomes activated and, with other cells of the immune system, attacks and kills foreign cells directly. These two mechanisms interact to defend the host against extracellular parasites. Parasitic antigens are first detected by plasma cells in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, triggering the production of two types of IgE antibodies: those that are specific for a particular parasite and those that are nonspecific (Grant et al 2008). These antibodies bind to mast cells. Mast cells are a particular type of cell found within many body tissues that contain granules of molecules such as histamine. The mast cells are activated to degranulate when the antigen binds to the attached IgE antibody, causing the internal histamine to be released. The release of histamine causes various physiological changes associated with inflammation (Flohr et al. 2008). The cascade of reactions functions to damage and expel the parasite (Barnes et al. 1999). Inflammation is complex biological process that occurs in vascular tissues as a response to pathogens (such as helminths), damaged cells, or irritants. In an inflammatory response, an individual may experience bronchial constriction, vascular dilation, and an increase in mucous secretions, which lead to the associated symptoms of wheezing, coughing, itching, sneezing, and vomiting. During anaphylaxis, a severe form of inflammation, there is an intense generation of mast cells and release of their mediators. Such a response has effects on various organs and may be fatal. Examples of anaphylaxis-inducing antigens include antibiotics, foods, and foreign proteins, such as venom. Thus the inflammatory response to the presence of a particular antigen may in an of itself harmful to the organism (Florh et al. 2008) Once an immune reaction has run its course and the invading parasites have been eliminated, long-lived T helper cells, derived from the encounter with the antigen remain in an inactive state in the lymphatic system and provide an immunological memory of the foreign antigen (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). When a foreign antigen enters the body for a subsequent time, a secondary immune response is triggered. The helper T cells recognize the antigen and secrete small proteins known as cytokines that regulate or assist in an immune response. Helper T cells can be divided into TH1 and TH2 subsets that fulfill separate functions in regulating response to infection. TH1 cells produce the response to intracellular infections while TH2 cells produce responses to extracellular infections and allergens. During helminth infections, the number of TH2 cells is greater than the number of TH1 cells. When TH2 cells detect previously recognized parasitic antigens, they secrete a particular cytokine, or known interleukin-4 (IL-4) (Barnes et al 1999). IL-4 promotes parasite-specific IgE antibody, helper T cell, and mast cell production. The adaptation of the IgE antibody immune response is beneficial during helminth infection. High levels of IgE minimize the number of parasites that infest a host during chronic exposure (Dunne et al. 1992). Individuals infected with helminths may have IgE antibody levels that are up to 100 times greater than the normal level, which typically decrease after anti-helminth treatment (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). Additionally, the type of IgE antibody produced may change throughout a humans life to better target a particular parasite. Studies have shown that humans acquire a natural immunity to schistosome infection in adolescence (Grant et al 2008). This natural immunity corresponds to increased levels of IgE from schistosome-specific antigens and decreased production of non-specific IgE. For young children, the greater nonspecific component in IgE production occurs at the expense of schistosome-specific IgE, resulting in a less protective antibody-mediated immune response when compared to adolescents and adults. To establish long-term immunity and because contacts between vector an agent that transmits an infectious disease and host may be infrequent, it is important for the both the host and parasite to maintain chronic infections. Most human parasitic infections last for years and must therefore not overwhelm the host. Parasites produce self-limiting infections that allow the host to defend against lethal infection while maintaining a viable population. One strategy is through concomitant immunity, a response seen in adult schistosomes, where an immune response is induced to limit, but not eliminate, subsequent infections of the host by infective larvae, without causing the rejection of the adult worms (Sher Ottensen 1988). Schistosomes and hookworms also trigger the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in parasite-induced T cells. IL-10 protects the host from extreme mast cell degranulation and the initiation of intense inflammation (Florh et al. 2008). T he level of IL-10 decreases after anti-helminth treatments once the parasite is no longer present to induce production. In summary, the immune system of most mammalian and marsupial hosts is highly adapted to battle parasitic disease. The generation of parasite-specific IgE antibodies by plasma cells initiates an inflammatory response and killer cell activity. During subsequent encounters with an antigen, the synthesis of IgE is controlled by TH2 cells and up-regulated by the cytokine IL-4. The inflammatory response is, however modulated by the release of anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines, in order to protect the host from the dangerous effects of intense mast cell degranulation. Through these mechanisms, the more successful human host will produce higher levels of parasite-specific IgE antibodies with which to prevent overwhelming worm infestation. Hosts less proficient at producing sufficiently high levels of parasite-specific IgE antibodies are more likely to succumb to greater worm loads. Allergy is hypersensitivity to a typically innocuous substance. Allergy begins after sensitization of a specific allergen, an antigen that elicits an allergic response. Similar to a helminthic infestation, plasma cells generate IgE antibodies during sensitization that are specific to the allergens to which an individual has been exposed. These IgE antibodies bind to receptors on mast cells. The binding of the allergen to an IgE antibody triggers a cascade of events resembling the immune response to helmthiasis (Zanders et al. 1992). The mast cells degranulate to release mediators, including histamine. Unlike in helminthiasis, in which IgE antibodies are directed at the worm and its by-produces, the allergic response is directed at seemingly innocuous substances. Also, the allergens are not capable of initiating the parasite-induced production of IL-10 that protects the host from the potentially harmful effects of the inflammatory response (Flohr et al. 2008). Thus, humans have adapte d to respond to the outside world in the presence of helminths and in their absence we are unable to modulate the maladaptive inflammatory response that may result in annoying or dangerous symptoms. In industrialized countries, the prevalence of allergies and conditions such as asthma have increased over the last three or four decades (Poulsen Hummelshoj 2007). These countries have better-developed infrastructures that have resulted in the elimination of helminths and an increase in noninfectious disease. Similarly, allergic disease prevalence is increasing in industrializing countries such as India and China (Flohr et al. 2008). Besides the removal of helminths, a significant consequence of modernization is the creation of a microenvironment that increases our exposure to domestic arthropods, such as dust mites, and other pests. Research has shown that there is a positive correlation between level of infestation of household pests and the degree of urbanization (Barnes et al. 1999). Evidence suggests that allergic reactions are less pronounced in individuals infected with helminths. Thus, areas where helminthic infection is endemic typically have lower levels of allergic disease when compared with areas free of helminths (Grant et al. 2008). Studies have consistently found that most helminths investigated imbue their hosts with protective effects during skin prick tests (SPT) tests used to diagnose allergies by eliciting a small, controlled allergic response. However, while all helminths increase the level of IgE antibody produced by a host, infection by schistosomes and hookworms parasites found to trigger the production of IL-10 have the strongest association with protection against allergy and asthma (Flohr et al. 2008). Individuals are more likely to develop asthma during the absence of helminthiasis, or during mild helminthiasis a time during which less parasite-specific IgE antibody is produced than during a chronic infection, and less IL-10 is produce d to reduce inflammation (Lynch 1992). Therefore, helminthiasis and allergy are not likely mutually exclusive, but allergy is much less likely to occur in severe helminthic disease than in mild helminthic disease (Barnes et al. 1999). The removal of helminths from infected populations in Venezuela, Vietnam, and Gabon has shown a resultant increase in allergic skin sensitization during SPT (Florh et al. 2008). Marsh et al. (1980) found that non-European descendents living in developed countries have a higher propensity for allergic response. These results are expected because those individuals likely had a greater genetic propensity to produce IgE, resulting in an increased inflammation response, a decrease in IL-10 production to modulate inflammation, and an increased exposure to inhalant allergens. There is a selective advantage for a predisposition to produce high levels of IgE, as this antibodies serves as a key regulator in the maintenance of helminthic infection in populations that are chronically exposed to parasites. Additionally, it has been found that certain levels of allergens affect people with family histories of allergy, but do not trigger an allergic response in most other people (Sporik et al. 1990). These finding imply that allergy and asthma reactions occur only in genetically susceptible individuals after adequate or persistent exposure to specific allergens. While the total level of serum IgE does not appear to directly reflect natural immunity against asthma in helminth infection-endemic populations, linkage studies have implicated a particular chromosome locus, or region, in controlling asthma and intensity of schistosomiasis in Brazilian and Senegalese populations. Because this same locus is identified with both helminthic infection and for allergy suscept ibility in a number of independent studies, there may be a common genetic basis for host protection against helminthic infection and susceptibility allergic disease (Grant et al. 2008). Through modernization, populations acquire objects that promote allergens such as upholstered furniture, carpeting and domestic pets. The introduction of such objects has been correlated to a rapidly increase the prevalence of asthma in populations with either high or low helminthiasis prevalence. An example in a study by Dowse et al. (1985) showed that asthma incidence increased over ten years within Eastern Highland villages of Papua New Guinea that was attributed to the introduction of wool blankets to the villagers and the sudden and profound exposure to house dust mites within the blankets. Barnes et al. (1997) found that house dust mite allergen concentrations in Barbados were higher in better-built homes, likely because the plumbing contributed to a higher humidity levels that were more conducive to dust mite proliferation than the drier wood homes. During the process of modernization, in addition to the acquisition of homes and objects that increase allergen exposure, the red uction or elimination of helminthiasis, increases the risk of allergic disease more dramatically. Adaptation often results in trade-offs that may compromise an individuals adjustment to his or her environment. The coevolution of helminths and humans shaped the immune response to be highly sensitive to parasitic antigens. This response, which is beneficial to host and parasites, is modulated by many mechanisms. TH2 activation stimulates the production of IL-4 cytokines that trigger production of IgE antibodies. IgE mediate an immune response targeted the antigens released by parasites as well as allergens. Parasites presence triggers anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines production by specialized T cells that reduce the inflammatory effects of mast cell degranulation. Removal of the stress helminthiasis also removes the modulation of the inflammatory response through IL-10. Under these conditions, the maladapted response of IgE antibodies reacting to harmless allergens is allergy in the form of disproportioned, potentially dangerous inflammation event. Although levels of IgE are highe st during a parasitic infection or an allergic response, levels are also affected by genetic predisposition. Selective pressures maintain high levels of IgE expression in regions of the world with high helminthiasis prevalence. Through modernization, the stress of helminthiasis has been removed while the stress of allergen exposure has increased. Activation of IgE by innocuous allergens triggers the maladaptive response of an allergic reaction. Individuals who are not infested by helminths with a genetic propensity for high IgE antibody expression are most susceptible to allergic hypersensitivity. In developed countries, decreased helminthiasis prevalence in junction with increased allergen exposure are responsible for the increase in allergic disease prevalence.

Toshiba :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Toshiba Toshiba: The Future is Theirs In 1875 Hisashige Tanaka established Tanaka Seizo-sho, Japan’s first manufacturer of telegraphic equipment. The company thrived for over 60 years as an independent entity. In 1890, Hakunetsu-sha & Co., Ltd, was founded. It was Japan’s first manufacturing facility of electric incandescent lamps. Then in 1939, the two companies merged to become Tokyo Shibaura Denki. They were now an electric equipment manufacturer. The company’s reputation was established rapidly and they soon became known simply as Toshiba. They made this official with the name change to Toshiba in 1978. Throughout the company’s long life there have been many major inventions that have guaranteed them a place in history. Among these are the following world’s firsts: 1. 1967—first automatic zip code reader 2. 1970—first color video phone 3. 1986—first laptop personal computers 4. 1995—developed high-density optical disc, DVD They have remained successful for many years because of their ability to stay on top of the world of technology. This is no small feat. Numerous companies have been lost because of a rapidly changing technology market that most were unable to keep up with the pace. With a resume of inventions spanning more than 120 years, a solid financial history and their status of being a multinational corporation, where does Toshiba go from here? Can they continue to keep up the pace of the past with the technology market changing more each and every day? What can they do to maintain their current level of success without compromising their values and commitment to the global society? To sum up all these questions: What’s next for Toshiba? Before looking at what the next step should be for Toshiba, it is necessary to examine what the driving forces behind the operation and all its decisions are. For them, The Basic Commitment is this force. In 1990 this Commitment was formulated as a â€Å"statement of management philosophy.† Every management decision made is done so by the guidance set forth in the Basic Commitment, which follows: We, the Toshiba Group companies, based on our total commitment to people and to the future, are determined to help create a higher quality of life for all people, and to do our part to help ensure that progress continues within the world community